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This page describes the Academic Collocation List (ACL), explaining what it is and giving a full list of collocations in the ACL, sorted by headword. There is also, in another section, an ACL highlighter which can be used to highlight ACL words in a text, as well as an ACL mind map creator.
What is the ACL?
For another look at the same content, check out YouTube or Youku, or the infographic. There is a worksheet (with answers and teacher's notes) for this video.
The Academic Collocation List (ACL) is a list containing 2,469 of the most frequent and useful collocations which occur in written academic English. It can be seen as a collocational companion to the Academic Word List (AWL), consisting of collocations (or word combinations) rather than single words.
The ACL was developed by Kirsten Ackermann and Yu-Hua Chen using the Pearson International Corpus of Academic English (PICAE), with advice from English teaching experts to ensure the collocations chosen would be useful to students of English. The ACL gives around 1.4% coverage of words in academic English (based on the source corpus used in the study). In contrast, the same collocations give only 0.1% coverage for a general corpus, showing they are indeed much more common in academic than general English.
Many of the words in the ACL are also contained in the AWL, e.g. alternative approach appears in the ACL, and both of these words appear in the AWL. However, there are many word combinations which are very common in academic writing which contain one word or no words from the AWL, such as generally agree (both of these words actually appear in the GSL). Studying collocations is an important way to build up your academic vocabulary, and the Academic Collocation List is one possible tool to help you do this.
Exercises
Check out the Quizzes section for exercises to practise using words in the ACL.
The Academic Collocation List
The 2,469 collocations in the ACL are listed below. The list has been adapted for this website by collecting collocations under headwords, in the same way that words in the AWL are categorised. In addition, the collocations have been listed under both of the headwords they contain in order to make them easier to find. This means, for example, that the collocation great accuracy appears both under the headword great and the headword accurate. The collocation accurate description likewise appears under accurate, as well as under the headword describe. This means each collocation appears twice in the list, once for each headword. Where words occur in the AWL, the AWL headword has been used, e.g. the AWL headword for academic is academy.
There are three versions of this list on the website:
- ordered by headword (this page)
- listed according to collocation type (adj + n etc.)
- listed by frequency
| Headword | Collocations |
| ability | cognitive ability |
| abstract | abstract concept |
| abuse | sexual abuse |
| academy | (in) academic circles, academic achievement, academic career, academic community, academic debate, academic discipline, academic discourse, academic institution, academic journal, academic life, academic performance, academic research, academic skills, academic study, academic success, academic work, academic world, academic writing, academic year |
| accept | accept responsibility, acceptable behaviour, socially acceptable, widespread acceptance, (be) commonly accepted, (be) generally accepted, (be) universally accepted, (be) widely accepted |
| access | allow access (to), deny access (to), direct access, easy access, electronic access, equal access, free access, gain access (to), give access (to), have access (to), internet access, limited access, online access, open access, provide access (to), public access, ready access, unlimited access, easily accessible, readily accessible |
| account | brief account, comprehensive account, historical account |
| accurate | great accuracy, accurate assessment, accurate description, accurate information, accurate measurement, accurate picture, accurate record |
| achieve | achieve (a) goal, achieve (an) objective, achieve (an) outcome, academic achievement |
| acquire | acquire knowledge, newly acquired |
| act | sexual act, appropriate action, collective action, legal action, military action, positive action, active involvement, active participant, active participation, active role, (be) actively involved, political activism, commercial activity, cultural activity, economic activity, engage in (an) activity, human activity, learning activity, physical activity, political activity, professional activity, related activity, social activity, undertake (an) activity |
| acute | particularly acute, acutely aware |
| add | add information |
| additional | additional cost, additional information, additional problem, additional resources, additional support |
| address | address (an) issue |
| adjust | structural adjustment, make adjustments |
| administrate | public administration, administrative practices |
| adopt | adopt (a) procedure, adopt (an) approach, (be) widely adopted |
| advance | advanced economy, advanced technology, technological advances |
| advantage | major advantage |
| adverse | adverse effect, adverse reaction, adversely affect |
| affair | economic affairs, financial affairs, internal affairs |
| affect | affect (the) development (of), affect (the) outcome, adversely affect, directly affect, severely affect, significantly affect, (be) directly affected |
| agency | federal agency, regulatory agency |
| agenda | political agenda, set (the) agenda |
| agree | generally agree, strongly agree, broad agreement, general agreement, international agreement, reach (an) agreement, strongly disagree |
| aim | overall aim, primary aim |
| allocate | allocate resources |
| allow | allow access (to) |
| ally | (be) closely allied (to, with) |
| almost | almost identical |
| alternative | alternative approach, alternative explanation, alternative form, alternative interpretion, alternative means, alternative method, alternative model, alternative solution, alternative source, alternative strategy, alternative view, alternative way, provide (an) alternative |
| amount | (a) considerable amount (of), (a) huge amount (of), (a) significant amount (of), (a) substantial amount (of), (a) vast amount (of), (an) enormous amount (of) |
| ample | ample evidence |
| analyse | careful analysis, comparative analysis, conduct (an) analysis, critical analysis, detailed analysis, economic analysis, final analysis, full analysis, further analysis, historical analysis, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, statistical analysis, subsequent analysis, systematic analysis, textual analysis, thematic analysis, theoretical analysis, use (the) analysis, analytical approach, analytical tool |
| ancestor | common ancestor |
| anecdotal | anecdotal evidence |
| annual | annual conference, annual meeting, annual rate, annual report, annual review |
| answer | final answer |
| apparent | become apparent, immediately apparent, particularly apparent |
| appearance | physical appearance |
| apply | apply (a) method, apply (the) theory, apply equally |
| approach | adopt (an) approach, alternative approach, analytical approach, common approach, comprehensive approach, critical approach, develop (an) approach, flexible approach, general approach, holistic approach, integrated approach, logical approach, methodological approach, qualitative approach, quantitative approach, similar approach, standard approach, systematic approach, take (an) approach, theoretical approach, traditional approach, use (an) approach |
| appropriate | appropriate action, appropriate behaviour, appropriate conditions, appropriate data, appropriate form, appropriate language, appropriate level, appropriate point, appropriate response, appropriate skills, appropriate treatment, appropriate way, consider appropriate, deem appropriate, particularly appropriate, seem appropriate, respond appropriately |
| area | complex area, core area, cover (an) area, geographic(al) area, identify (an) area, key area, local area, main area, major area, metropolitan area, particular area, problem area, related area, rural area, specific area, subject area, urban area, vast area, whole area, wide area |
| arena | political arena |
| argument | compelling argument, counter argument, develop (an) argument, general argument, logical argument, main argument, make (an) argument, present (an) argument, similar argument, support (an) argument, valid argument |
| armed | armed conflict |
| arrangement | institutional arrangement, make arrangements |
| array | (a) vast array (of), (a) wide array (of) |
| article | publish (an) article |
| artificial | artificial intelligence |
| aspect | certain aspect, consider (an) aspect, cultural aspect, focus on (an) aspect, fundamental aspect, general aspect, key aspect, negative aspect, particular aspect, positive aspect, related aspect, social aspect, specific aspect, technical aspect, various aspects |
| assess | assess (the) impact (of), assessment process, accurate assessment, make (an) assessment, risk assessment |
| assign | (be) randomly assigned (to) |
| assist | financial assistance, medical assistance, provide assistance, technical assistance |
| associate | associated factors, (be) closely associated (with), (be) commonly associated (with), (be) positively associated (with), (be) strongly associated (with) |
| assume | assume (the) role (of), assume responsibility, (be) generally assumed, basic assumption, common assumption, fundamental assumption, make (an) assumption, underlying assumption, certain assumptions |
| atom | atomic energy |
| attempt | deliberate attempt |
| attend | attend (a) conference |
| attention | careful attention, considerable attention, critical attention, draw attention (to), focus attention (on) |
| attitude | change (an) attitude, negative attitude, positive attitude, changing attitudes, cultural attitudes, public attitudes, social attitudes |
| audience | target audience, wider audience |
| author | first author, original author |
| authority | central authority, exercise authority, local authority, political authority, public authority |
| autonomy | greater autonomy, relative autonomy |
| available | available data, available evidence, available information, available resources, become available, currently available, freely available, make available, publicly available, readily available, widely available |
| average | average score, national average |
| aware | acutely aware, become aware, fully aware, increasingly aware, keenly aware, make aware, well aware, greater awareness, growing awareness, increase awareness, increased awareness, increasing awareness, public awareness, raise awareness |
| background | background knowledge, cultural background, diverse background, historical background, social background |
| base | (be) largely based (on), basic assumption, basic component, basic concept, basic element, basic function, basic information, basic premise, basic principle, basic research, basic structure, basic technique, legal basis, theoretical basis |
| bear | bear resemblance (to) |
| become | become (a) source (of), become (the) focus (of), become apparent, become available, become aware, become blurred, become established, become evident, become independent, become involved (with/in), become obvious, become visible, become widespread |
| begin | begin (a) process |
| behave | behave differently, acceptable behaviour, appropriate behaviour, human behaviour, individual behaviour, sexual behaviour, social behaviour |
| belief | religious belief, widespread belief, (be) widely believed |
| benefit | beneficial effect, provide (a) benefit, economic benefits, potential benefits |
| best | (be) best described (as, in terms of) |
| binary | binary opposition, binary system |
| biological | biological evolution, biological science, biological sex |
| blur | become blurred |
| body | international body, professional body |
| bond | strong bond |
| boundary | clear boundary, cultural boundary, national boundary |
| brief | brief account, brief description, brief discussion, brief history, brief introduction, brief overview, brief period, brief review, brief summary, brief time, briefly describe, briefly discuss |
| broad | (a) broad range (of), broad agreement, broad category, broad definition, broad spectrum, broader context, (be) broadly defined, broadly similar |
| business | business sector, business transaction |
| call | (be) commonly called |
| capacity | limited capacity |
| capitalism | global capitalism, industrial capitalism, capitalist country, capitalist economy, capitalist society, capitalist system, capitalist world |
| care | primary care, provide care, careful analysis, careful attention, careful consideration, careful thought, (be) carefully controlled, (be) carefully selected |
| career | career development, career opportunity, academic career |
| carry | carry information |
| carry out | carry out (the) task, carry out research (of) |
| case | civil case, exceptional case, individual case, specific case |
| cast | cast doubt (on) |
| category | broad category, fall into (the) category (of), general category, main category |
| causal | causal link, causal relation, causal relationship |
| cause | cause consequences, cause stress, major cause, underlying cause |
| centre | central authority, central concept, central concern, central control, central core, central feature, central focus, central government, central importance, central issue, central part, central point, central position, central problem, central question, central role, central tenet, central theme, urban centre |
| certain | certain aspect, certain assumptions, certain characteristics, certain circumstances |
| challenge | face (a) challenge, major challenge, pose (a) challenge, present (a) challenge, serious challenge |
| change | change (an) attitude, change constantly, change dramatically, change rapidly, climate change, cultural change, demographic change, dramatic change, economic change, fundamental change, historical change, major change, minor change, radical change, significant change, structural change, technological change, environmental changes, changing attitudes, changing circumstances, changing nature, changing needs, changing pattern, changing world, ever changing, rapidly changing, remain unchanged |
| chapter | final chapter, following chapter, introductory chapter, opening chapter, preceding chapter, previous chapter, subsequent chapter |
| characteristic | characteristic feature, common characteristic, defining characteristic, key characteristic, salient characteristic, specific characteristic, certain characteristics, demographic characteristics, individual characteristics, main characteristics, physical characteristics, similar characteristics |
| charge | (be) highly charged |
| chemical | chemical reaction |
| choose | individual choice, personal choice, (be) randomly chosen |
| circle | (in) academic circles |
| circumstance | certain circumstances, changing circumstances, exceptional circumstances, historical circumstances, local circumstances, personal circumstances, political circumstances, social circumstances, special circumstances |
| cite | (be) frequently cited |
| civil | civil case, civil society |
| class | class consciousness, lower class, ruling class |
| classic | classic example, classic study, classic text, classic work, classical theory |
| clear | clear boundary, clear distinction, clear evidence, clear focus, clear indication, clear relationship, clear statement, clear structure, entirely clear, fairly clear, (be) clearly defined, (be) clearly demonstrated, (be) clearly established, (be) clearly identified, (be) clearly related (to), clearly evident, clearly important, clearly understand, clearly visible, remain unclear |
| climate | climate change, current climate, political climate, climatic conditions |
| close | close contact, close proximity, close relationship, close scrutiny, (be) closely allied (to, with), (be) closely associated (with), (be) closely connected (to, with), (be) closely linked (to, with), (be) closely related (to), (be) closely tied, closely resemble, (on/upon) closer inspection, (upon, on) closer examination, closer look |
| clue | provide (a) clue |
| cognitive | cognitive ability, cognitive development, cognitive skills |
| collaborative | collaborative learning |
| colleague | professional colleague |
| collect | collect data, collect information, collective action, collective identity, collective memory |
| combine | combined effect |
| come into | come into conflict (with) |
| come into | come into contact (with) |
| comment | make (a) comment, written comment |
| commercial | commercial activity, commercial transaction |
| commit | commit (a) crime, commit (an) offence |
| common | common ancestor, common approach, common assumption, common characteristic, common culture, common error, common feature, common goal, common method, common source, common theme, common usage, fairly common, increasingly common, relatively common, (be) commonly accepted, (be) commonly associated (with), (be) commonly called, (be) commonly encountered, (be) commonly found (in), (be) commonly known (as), (be) commonly referred (to) (as), (be) commonly used |
| communicate | communicate effectively, direct communication, effective communication, electronic communication, personal communication, verbal communication, written communication |
| community | academic community, ethnic community, international community, local community, rural community, scientific community, virtual community, wider community |
| compare | comparative analysis, comparative research, comparative study |
| compel | compelling argument, compelling evidence, compelling reason |
| compete | increased competition, competitive market, competitive pressure, highly competitive |
| competence | demonstrate competence |
| complete | complete (a) task |
| complex | complex area, complex interaction, complex issue, complex pattern, complex problem, complex process, complex question, complex relationship, complex set, complex situation, complex structure, complex system, extremely complex, highly complex, increasingly complex, increasing complexity |
| component | basic component, essential component, fundamental component, individual component, key component, main component, major component |
| comprehensive | comprehensive account, comprehensive approach, comprehensive overview, comprehensive review, comprehensive system |
| concentrate | high concentration |
| concept | abstract concept, basic concept, central concept, defining concept, key concept, theoretical concept, use (the) concept concept, conceptual framework |
| concern | central concern, environmental concern, major concern, primary concern, (be) mainly concerned (with), (be) particularly concerned (with), (be) primarily concerned (with) |
| concerted | concerted effort |
| conclude | concluding remarks, concluding section, draw (a) conclusion, general conclusion, lead to (the) conclusion, logical conclusion |
| condition | sufficient condition, conditional probability, appropriate conditions, climatic conditions, create conditions, economic conditions, experimental conditions, living conditions, natural conditions, normal conditions |
| conduct | conduct (a) study, conduct (a) survey, conduct (an) analysis, conduct (an) interview, conduct research |
| confer | annual conference, attend (a) conference, hold (a) conference, international conference, national conference |
| confine | (be) largely confined (to) |
| conflict | conflict resolution, armed conflict, come into conflict (with), internal conflict, political conflict, potential conflict, resolve (a) conflict, social conflict, conflicting interests |
| connect | (be) closely connected (to, with), (be) directly connected (to, with), (be) intimately connected (to, with) |
| connotation | negative connotation, positive connotation |
| consciousness | class consciousness, political consciousness |
| consent | general consensus, political consensus, reach (a) consensus, give consent, informed consent |
| consequent | cause consequences, direct consequences, economic consequences, environmental consequences, have consequences, negative consequences, political consequences, possible consequences, serious consequences, social consequences, unintended consequences |
| consider | consider (a) possibility, consider (an) aspect, consider (an) issue, consider (the) impact (of), consider (the) implications, consider (the) role (of), consider appropriate, consider relevant, careful consideration, ethical consideration, further consideration, give consideration, political consideration, practical consideration, require consideration, take into consideration, (be) generally considered |
| considerable | (a) considerable amount (of), (a) considerable degree (of), (be of) considerable importance, (in) considerable detail, (to a) considerable extent, considerable attention, considerable debate, considerable effort, considerable evidence, considerable influence, considerable interest, considerable research, considerable support, considerable variation, differ considerably, vary considerably |
| consist | consistent pattern, consistent results |
| constant | constant rate, relatively constant, remain constant, change constantly |
| constitute | constituent elements, constituent parts |
| constrain | impose constraints |
| construct | social construct, (be) socially constructed |
| contact | close contact, come into contact (with), direct contact, first contact, maintain contact, make contact, personal contact, physical contact, sexual contact, social contact |
| contain | contain (an) element, contain information |
| contemporary | contemporary debate, contemporary issue, contemporary life, contemporary society, contemporary world |
| context | broader context, cultural context, economic context, global context, historical context, institutional context, international context, original context, political context, present context, provide context, social context, specific context, wider context, contextual factors |
| continue | continued existence, continued growth, continued use, continuous process |
| contrast | marked contrast, sharp contrast, stark contrast, striking contrast |
| contribute | contribute significantly, contribute to (the) development (of), major contribution, make (a) contribution, significant contribution |
| control | central control, government control, internal control, personal control, (be) carefully controlled, (be) tightly controlled |
| controversy | controversial issue, highly controversial |
| convene | conventional view, conventional wisdom |
| convey | convey (a) message, convey information, convey meaning |
| convince | convincing evidence |
| cope | coping strategy |
| core | core area, core element, core issue, core skills, core value, central core |
| correct | correct (an) error, correct interpretation, politically correct |
| correlate | (be) highly correlated (with), (be) negatively correlated (with), (be) positively correlated (with), (be) significantly correlated (with), (be) strongly correlated (with), high correlation, negative correlation, positive correlation, significant correlation, significant correlation, strong correlation |
| cost | additional cost, rising cost |
| counter | counter argument |
| country | capitalist country, industrial country, industrialized country |
| cover | cover (a) range (of), cover (a) topic, cover (an) area, media coverage, provide coverage |
| create | create (an) environment, create (an) impression, create (an) opportunity, create conditions, create opportunities, create problems, newly created, creative process, creative thinking, creative work |
| crime | commit (a) crime, criminal offence |
| crisis | economic crisis |
| criteria | meet criteria, objective criteria, use criteria |
| critical | critical analysis, critical approach, critical attention, critical essay, critical evaluation, critical examination, critical factor, critical importance, critical inquiry, critical introduction, critical issue, critical perspective, critical point, critical reflection, critical review, critical role, critical scrutiny, critical theory, critical thinking, critical writing, highly critical, critically evaluate, radical critique |
| crucial | crucial difference, crucial factor, crucial importance, crucial part, crucial point, crucial question, crucial role |
| culture | cultural activity, cultural aspect, cultural attitudes, cultural background, cultural boundary, cultural change, cultural context, cultural differences, cultural dimension, cultural diversity, cultural factors, cultural heritage, cultural history, cultural identity, cultural influence, cultural institution, cultural issue, cultural life, cultural norm, cultural perspective, cultural phenomenon, cultural practice, cultural significance, cultural theory, cultural tradition, cultural values, culturally specific, common culture, dominant culture, global culture, local culture, modern culture, national culture, political culture, popular culture, traditional culture |
| currency | foreign currency, single currency |
| current | current climate, current issue, current policy, current research, current status, current technology, current trend, currently available |
| customer | potential customer |
| daily | daily living |
| damage | environmental damage |
| dangerous | potentially dangerous |
| data | data gathering, data set, appropriate data, available data, collect data, empirical data, existing data, experimental data, extract data, gather data, historical data, interpret data, missing data, numerical data, obtain data, original data, preliminary data, present data, primary data, process data, provide data, qualitative data, quantitative data, raw data, record data, relevant data, reliable data, report data, secondary data, statistical data, store data, survey data, transmit data, use (the) data data, online database |
| deal | deal (with an) issue |
| death | premature death |
| debate | academic debate, considerable debate, contemporary debate, heated debate, ongoing debate, political debate, public debate, theoretical debate |
| decade | next decade, previous decade, early decades, recent decades |
| decide | final decision, major decision, strategic decision |
| deem | deem appropriate, deem necessary |
| deep | (a) deep understanding (of), (at/on a) deeper level, (be) deeply embedded, (be) deeply rooted |
| define | (be) broadly defined, (be) clearly defined, defining characteristic, defining concept, defining feature, broad definition, general definition, narrow definition, precise definition, use (the) definition |
| degradation | environmental degradation |
| degree | (a) considerable degree (of), (a) higher degree (of), (a) significant degree (of), varying degree |
| deliberate | deliberate attempt |
| demand | increased demand, increasing demand |
| democracy | liberal democracy, social democracy, western democracy, democratic institution, democratic process, democratic society, democratic state |
| demographic | demographic change, demographic characteristics, demographic factor |
| demonstrate | demonstrate competence, (be) clearly demonstrated |
| densely | (be) densely populated |
| deny | deny access (to) |
| department | government department |
| dependent | dependent variable, highly dependent |
| describe | describe (a) procedure, describe (a) method, describe (a) process, briefly describe, (be) best described (as, in terms of), previously described, accurate description, brief description, descriptive statistics |
| design | experimental design, urban design, (be) specifically designed (to, for), well designed |
| desire | highly desirable, socially desirable, desired outcome |
| detail | (in) considerable detail, sufficient detail, technical detail, detailed analysis, detailed examination, detailed information, detailed study |
| determined | (be) largely determined (by) |
| develop | develop (a) method, develop (a) strategy, develop (a) technique, develop (a) theory, develop (an) argument, develop (an) approach, (be) fully developed, (be) highly developed, (be) originally developed, career development, cognitive development, contribute to (the) development (of), encourage (the) development (of), facilitate (the) development (of), further development, future development, historical development, industrial development, normal development, physical development, professional development, promote (the) development (of), regional development, significant development, subsequent development, technological development, urban development, affect (the) development (of), developmental process, developmental stage |
| diagnostic | diagnostic test |
| differ | differ considerably, differ significantly, differ widely, crucial difference, fundamental difference, major difference, obvious difference, sexual difference, significant difference, substantial difference, cultural differences, ethnic differences, individual differences, racial differences, radical differences, regional differences, (be) markedly different, entirely different, fundamentally different, qualitatively different, radically different, slightly different, substantially different, totally different, widely different, behave differently, think differently, treat differently |
| difficult | increasingly difficult, encounter difficulties, experience difficulties, face difficulties, learning difficulties, practical difficulties, present difficulties |
| digital | digital information, digital media, digital technology |
| dilemma | ethical dilemma, face (a) dilemma, moral dilemma |
| dimension | cultural dimension, political dimension, social dimension |
| direct | direct access, direct communication, direct consequences, direct contact, direct evidence, direct impact, direct involvement, direct link, direct observation, direct relationship, direct role, (be) directly affected, (be) directly connected (to, with), (be) directly involved (in), (be) directly linked (to), (be) directly linked (to, with), (be) directly proportional (to), (be) directly related (to), (be) directly responsible (for), directly affect |
| disaster | natural disaster |
| discipline | academic discipline |
| disclose | disclose information |
| discourse | academic discourse, dominant discourse, public discourse, scientific discourse |
| discover | newly discovered |
| discriminate | face discrimination, positive discrimination, racial discrimination |
| discuss | discuss (a) topic, discuss (an) issue, briefly discuss, (be) widely discussed, previously discussed, brief discussion, earlier discussion, fuller discussion, preceding discussion, previous discussion |
| disperse | (be) widely dispersed |
| display | public display |
| dispose | disposable income |
| dispute | resolve (a) dispute |
| distinct | distinct group, distinct type, clear distinction, draw (a) distinction, make (a) distinction, sharp distinction, distinctive feature |
| distinguish | distinguishing feature |
| distribute | (be) widely distributed, geographic(al) distribution, normal distribution |
| diverse | (a) diverse range (of), diverse background, diverse group, cultural diversity, ethnic diversity, great diversity |
| divide | (be) further divided (into), dividing line |
| document | (be) well documented |
| documentary | documentary evidence |
| domain | public domain |
| domestic | domestic market, domestic sphere, domestic violence |
| dominate | male dominance, dominant culture, dominant discourse, dominant form, dominant group, dominant ideology, dominant paradigm, dominant position, dominant role |
| doubt | cast doubt (on) |
| draft | first draft |
| drama | dramatic change, dramatic effect, dramatic increase, change dramatically, increase dramatically |
| draw | draw (a) conclusion, draw (a) distinction, draw (a) line, draw attention (to) |
| drive | driving force |
| due | due process |
| duration | long duration, maximum duration, short duration |
| dynamic | dynamic equilibrium, dynamic nature, dynamic process, dynamic system |
| early | earlier discussion, earlier period, earlier research, earlier stage, earlier study, earlier times, earlier version, earlier work, early decades, early study |
| easy | (be) easily identified, (be) easily understood, easily accessible, easy access |
| economy | economic activity, economic affairs, economic analysis, economic benefits, economic change, economic conditions, economic consequences, economic context, economic crisis, economic exploitation, economic factors, economic forces, economic goal, economic growth, economic inequality, economic integration, economic interests, economic policy, economic power, economic prosperity, economic reform, economic relations, economic relationships, economic resources, economic sector, economic stability, economic status, economic structure, economic success, economic system, economic theory, economic value, economic welfare, advanced economy, capitalist economy, global economy, local economy, national economy, political economy, rural economy |
| edit | revised edition |
| educate | (be) highly educated, well educated, higher education, primary education, secondary education, educational institution, educational opportunity, educational policy, educational programme, educational provision, educational qualification, educational research, educational setting, educational system |
| effect | adverse effect, beneficial effect, combined effect, dramatic effect, negative effect, overall effect, positive effect, profound effect, significant effect, similar effect, effective communication, effective implementation, effective intervention, effective management, effective method, effective participation, effective policy, effective treatment, highly effective, particularly effective, communicate effectively, use effectively, work effectively, environmental effects |
| efficient | highly efficient |
| effort | concerted effort, considerable effort, research effort |
| election | presidential election |
| electronic | electronic access, electronic communication, electronic media, electronic resources, electronic version |
| element | basic element, contain (an) element, core element, essential element, individual element, key element, main element, single element, structural element, constituent elements |
| embed | (be) deeply embedded |
| emerge | newly emerging |
| emission | reduce emissions |
| emotion | emotional impact, emotional intelligence, emotional reaction, emotional response, emotional support |
| emphasis | give emphasis, greater emphasis, increasing emphasis, particular emphasis, place emphasis, shift emphasis, special emphasis, strong emphasis |
| empirical | empirical data, empirical evidence, empirical investigation, empirical research, empirical study, empirical support, empirical work |
| employ | employ (a) method, employ (a) technique, employment opportunities, full employment, paid employment, high unemployment, low unemployment |
| encounter | encounter difficulties, encounter problems, first encounter, (be) commonly encountered |
| encourage | encourage (the) development (of) |
| energy | atomic energy, nuclear energy, renewable energy, solar energy |
| engage in | engage in (an) activity |
| enhance | enhance learning, enhance performance, greatly enhance |
| enormous | (an) enormous amount (of), enormous impact |
| entire | (the) entire range (of), entire period, entirely clear, entirely different, entirely new |
| entity | separate entity, single entity |
| environment | create (an) environment, external environment, immediate environment, learning environment, natural environment, physical environment, political environment, social environment, urban environment, environmental changes, environmental concern, environmental consequences, environmental damage, environmental degradation, environmental effects, environmental factors, environmental impact, environmental issues, environmental policy, environmental pollution, environmental protection |
| equal | equal access, equal opportunity, equal status, equal treatment, roughly equal, gender equality, greater equality, promote equality, racial equality, social equality, equally important, equally likely, equally true, equally valid, apply equally, treat equally, economic inequality, social inequality, unequal power |
| equilibrium | dynamic equilibrium |
| equivalent | roughly equivalent |
| error | common error, correct (an) error, random error, standard error |
| essay | critical essay |
| essential | essential component, essential element, essential feature, essential function, essential information, essential role |
| establish | establish (a) relationship, established order, established practice, established principle, (be) clearly established, (be) firmly established, (be) well established, become established, long established, newly established, once established |
| ethic | ethical consideration, ethical dilemma, ethical issue, ethical principle, ethical problem, ethical question |
| ethnic | ethnic community, ethnic differences, ethnic diversity, ethnic group, ethnic identity, ethnic minority, ethnic origin |
| evaluate | critically evaluate, critical evaluation |
| event | historical event |
| ever | ever changing, ever increasing |
| evident | ample evidence, anecdotal evidence, available evidence, clear evidence, compelling evidence, considerable evidence, convincing evidence, direct evidence, documentary evidence, empirical evidence, experimental evidence, find evidence, further evidence, give evidence, historical evidence, little evidence, present evidence, provide evidence, recent evidence, research evidence, scientific evidence, show evidence, strong evidence, substantial evidence, sufficient evidence, supporting evidence, (be) particularly evident, become evident, clearly evident |
| evolve | biological evolution, evolutionary process, evolutionary theory |
| examine | (upon, on) closer examination, critical examination, detailed examination, examine (the) role (of) |
| example | classic example, obvious example, prime example, provide (an) example, specific example, striking example, typical example |
| exception | notable exception, exceptional case, exceptional circumstances |
| exclude | social exclusion, mutually exclusive |
| exercise | exercise authority |
| exist | continued existence, existing data, existing research, existing structure |
| expand | expand rapidly, rapid expansion |
| expect | high expectations, meet expectations, social expectations |
| expend | government expenditure, public expenditure |
| experience | experience difficulties, experience problems, individual experience, personal experience, previous experience, prior experience, professional experience, shared experience, experiential learning |
| experiment | experimental conditions, experimental data, experimental design, experimental evidence, experimental method, experimental research, experimental results, experimental study, experimental work |
| expert | expert opinion, technical expertise |
| explain | alternative explanation, further explanation, give (an) explanation, plausible explanation, possible explanation, provide (an) explanation, explanatory power |
| explicit | make explicit, state explicitly |
| exploit | economic exploitation, sexual exploitation |
| explore | explore (an) issue, explore further |
| expression | facial expression |
| extend | extended period, extensive research, (be) extensively used, (to a) considerable extent |
| external | external environment, external factors, external forces, external influences, external source, external threat, external world |
| extract | extract data, extract information |
| extreme | extremely complex, extremely powerful, extremely sensitive, extremely useful, extremely valuable |
| face | face (a) challenge, face (a) dilemma, face (a) problem, face difficulties, face discrimination, facial expression |
| facilitate | facilitate (the) development (of) |
| fact | factual information |
| factor | critical factor, crucial factor, demographic factor, key factor, main factor, major factor, related factor, significant factor, specific factor, associated factors, contextual factors, cultural factors, economic factors, environmental factors, external factors, historical factors, identify factors, political factors, relevant factors, social factors |
| fair | fair treatment, fairly clear, fairly common, fairly obvious, fairly straightforward, unfair treatment |
| faith | religious faith |
| fall into | fall into (the) category (of) |
| family | nuclear family |
| far | (be) far removed (from) |
| feature | central feature, characteristic feature, common feature, defining feature, distinctive feature, distinguishing feature, essential feature, general feature, key feature, main feature, major feature, particular feature, positive feature, prominent feature, salient feature, significant feature, specific feature, striking feature, structural feature, identify features, physical features |
| federal | federal agency, federal government, federal state |
| feedback | give feedback, negative feedback, positive feedback, provide feedback, provide feedback, receive feedback |
| feminist | feminist movement |
| few | relatively few |
| field | field research |
| figure | significant figures |
| final | final analysis, final answer, final chapter, final decision, final outcome, final phase, final point, final position, final product, final result, final section, final stage, final step, final version |
| finance | financial affairs, financial assistance, financial institution, financial management, financial market, financial problem, financial resources, financial support |
| find | find evidence, find information, key findings, main findings, preliminary findings, report findings, research findings |
| finite | finite number, infinite number |
| firmly | (be) firmly established |
| first | first author, first contact, first draft, first encounter, first generation, first impression, first phase, first priority |
| flexible | greater flexibility, flexible approach |
| flow | information flow |
| focal | focal point |
| focus | focus attention (on), become (the) focus (of), central focus, clear focus, main focus, major focus, particular focus, primary focus, provide (a) focus, specific focus, focus on (an) aspect |
| follow | follow (a) format, follow (a) procedure, follow instructions, following chapter, immediately following |
| force | driving force, military force, powerful force, economic forces, external forces |
| foreign | foreign currency, foreign investment, foreign investor, foreign policy |
| form | alternative form, appropriate form, dominant form, modified form, specific form, traditional form, newly formed |
| formal | formal structure |
| format | follow (a) format, standard format, use (a) format |
| formula | general formula |
| found | (be) commonly found (in), (be) frequently found, (be) generally found |
| foundation | provide (a) foundation (for) |
| fraction | small fraction |
| framework | conceptual framework, institutional framework, legal framework, regulatory framework, theoretical framework |
| free | free access, free movement, religious freedom, freely available |
| frequency | high/er frequency, low/er frequency, (be) frequently cited, (be) frequently found, (be) frequently referred (to), (be) frequently used, occur frequently |
| fulfil | fulfil (an) obligation |
| full | (a, the) full range (of), full analysis, full employment, full information, full participation, full potential, fuller discussion, (be) fully developed, (be) fully informed, (be) fully integrated, (be) fully realized, fully aware, fully understand |
| function | basic function, essential function, main function, perform (a) function, primary function, serve (a) function, social function, specific function, functional requirement |
| fund | public funds |
| fundamental | fundamental aspect, fundamental assumption, fundamental change, fundamental component, fundamental difference, fundamental importance, fundamental principle, fundamental problem, fundamental question, fundamentally different |
| further | (be) further divided (into), further analysis, further consideration, further development, further evidence, further explanation, further information, further investigation, further research, further study, explore further |
| future | future development, future prospects, future research, future study |
| gain | gain access (to), gain information, gain insight (into) |
| gather | gather data, gather information, data gathering, information gathering |
| gender | gender equality, gender stereotype |
| general | general agreement, general approach, general argument, general aspect, general category, general conclusion, general consensus, general definition, general feature, general formula, general overview, general principle, general statement, general tendency, general theory, general trend, (be) generally accepted, (be) generally assumed, (be) generally considered, (be) generally found, (be) generally known (as, by), generally agree |
| generation | first generation, next generation, previous generation, younger generation |
| genetic | genetic variation |
| geography | geographic(al) area, geographic(al) distribution, geographic(al) location |
| get | get involved (with/in) |
| give | give (a) presentation, give (an) explanation, give (an) indication (of), give (an) overview (of), give (sb an) impression, give (sb) treatment, give access (to), give consent, give consideration, give emphasis, give evidence, give feedback, give priority (to), give guidance, give information, give insight (into), given information, given period |
| globe | global capitalism, global context, global culture, global economy, global issue, global market, global marketplace, global media, global network, global perspective, global shift, global structure, global trade, global village |
| goal | achieve (a) goal, common goal, economic goal, set (a) goal, ultimate goal |
| goods | imported goods |
| government | government control, government department, government expenditure, government intervention, government policy, central government, federal government, local government, municipal government, national government, representative government |
| graphical | graphical representation |
| great | (a) great proportion (of), (a) great range (of), great accuracy, great diversity, great impact, great majority, great potential, great significance, greater autonomy, greater awareness, greater emphasis, greater equality, greater flexibility, greater likelihood, (be) greatly influenced (by), (be) greatly reduced, greatly enhance, greatly increase, vary greatly |
| group | distinct group, diverse group, dominant group, ethnic group, homogeneous group, minority group, powerful group, racial group, religious group, vulnerable group |
| grow | grow rapidly, growing awareness, growing trend, rapidly growing, continued growth, economic growth, significant growth |
| guide | give guidance, provide guidance, guiding principle |
| hardly | hardly surprising |
| harm | potential harm |
| have | have (a) strategy, have (a) tendency (to), have (an) obligation, have access (to), have consequences, have limitations, have potential |
| health | mental health, physical health |
| heat | heated debate |
| heavy | (be) heavily influenced (by), rely heavily (on) |
| help | seek help |
| heritage | cultural heritage |
| hierarchy | hierarchical structure |
| high | (a) high proportion (of), high concentration, high correlation, high expectations, high incidence, high intensity, high level, high order, high percentage, high priority, high probability, high profile, high quality, high rate, high score, high standard, high status, high turnover, high unemployment, high value, relatively high, high/er frequency, (a) higher degree (of), higher education, significantly higher, slightly higher, (be) highly charged, (be) highly correlated (with), (be) highly developed, (be) highly educated, (be) highly structured, (be) highly valued, highly competitive, highly complex, highly controversial, highly critical, highly dependent, highly desirable, highly effective, highly efficient, highly influential, highly likely, highly problematic, highly relevant, highly selective, highly sensitive, highly significant, highly skilled, highly sophisticated, highly successful, highly unlikely, highly variable |
| history | historical account, historical analysis, historical background, historical change, historical circumstances, historical context, historical data, historical development, historical event, historical evidence, historical factors, historical interpretation, historical knowledge, historical period, historical perspective, historical reality, historical record, historical roots, historical study, historical writing, historically specific, brief history, cultural history, natural history, oral history |
| hold | hold (a) conference |
| holistic | holistic approach |
| homogeneous | homogeneous group |
| huge | (a) huge amount (of) |
| human | human activity, human behaviour, human interaction, human society, human species |
| ideally | (be) ideally suited |
| identical | almost identical |
| identify | (be) clearly identified, (be) easily identified, identify (a) problem, identify (a) way, identify (an) area, identify (an) issue, identify factors, identify features, multiple identities, collective identity, cultural identity, ethnic identity, national identity, political identity, religious identity, sexual identity, social identity |
| ideology | dominant ideology, political ideology |
| ignorant | (be) largely ignored |
| illness | mental illness |
| illustrate | provide (an) illustration |
| image | positive image, public image, visual image |
| immediate | immediate environment, immediately apparent, immediately following, immediately obvious, immediately preceding |
| impact | assess (the) impact (of), consider (the) impact (of), direct impact, emotional impact, enormous impact, environmental impact, great impact, likely impact, little impact, major impact, make (an) impact, negative impact, positive impact, potential impact, profound impact, significant impact |
| implement | effective implementation, successful implementation |
| imply | consider (the) implications, major implications, political implications, social implications, wider implications |
| import | imported goods, imported products |
| important | (be of) considerable importance, (be of) paramount importance, (be of) vital importance, central importance, critical importance, crucial importance, fundamental importance, increased importance, increasing importance, perceived importance, strategic importance, clearly important, equally important, increasingly important |
| impose | impose constraints, impose limitations, impose restrictions |
| impossible | virtually impossible |
| impression | create (an) impression, first impression, give (sb an) impression, make (an) impression |
| improve | improved performance, significant improvement |
| incidence | high incidence |
| income | disposable income, low income, middle income, national income, total income |
| increase | increase (the) likelihood, increase awareness, increase dramatically, dramatic increase, greatly increase, significant increase, significantly increase, increased awareness, increased competition, increased demand, increased importance, increased interest, increased level, increased number, increased pressure, increased production, increased productivity, increased risk, (a) increasing proportion (of), increasing awareness, increasing complexity, increasing demand, increasing emphasis, increasing importance, increasing interest, increasing pressure, increasing tendency, increasing trend, ever increasing, increasingly aware, increasingly common, increasingly complex, increasingly difficult, increasingly important, increasingly popular, increasingly sophisticated |
| independent | independent state, independent variable, become independent |
| indicate | clear indication, give (an) indication (of), provide (an) indication (of) |
| indigenous | indigenous people, indigenous population |
| individual | individual behaviour, individual case, individual characteristics, individual choice, individual component, individual differences, individual element, individual experience, individual interests, individual item, individual needs, individual response, individual responsibility, individual rights, individual variable, individual variation, particular individual, private individual, single individual, unique individual |
| industrial | industrial capitalism, industrial country, industrial development, industrial production, industrial society, industrialized country, industrialized nation |
| inextricably | (be) inextricably linked (to, with) |
| influence | considerable influence, cultural influence, major influence, positive influence, powerful influence, significant influence, (be) greatly influenced (by), (be) heavily influenced (by), (be) strongly influenced (by), external influences, highly influential, particularly influential |
| inform | informed consent, (be) fully informed |
| information | information flow, information gathering, information processing, information retrieval, information sharing, accurate information, add information, additional information, available information, basic information, carry information, collect information, contain information, convey information, detailed information, digital information, disclose information, essential information, extract information, factual information, find information, full information, further information, gain information, gather information, give information, given information, limited information, little information, necessary information, obtain information, personal information, process information, provide information, receive information, related information, relevant information, reliable information, seek information, share information, specific information, statistical information, store information, sufficient information, transmit information, useful information, valuable information |
| initial | initial period, initial phase, initial position, initial research, initial stage |
| initiate | new initiative, take initiative |
| innovate | technological innovation |
| inquire | critical inquiry |
| insight | gain insight (into), give insight (into), new insight, offer insight (into), provide insight (into) |
| inspect | (on/upon) closer inspection |
| institute | academic institution, cultural institution, democratic institution, educational institution, financial institution, national institution, political institution, public institution, social institution, institutional arrangement, institutional context, institutional framework, institutional structure, institutional support |
| instruct | follow instructions |
| integral | integral part |
| integrate | integrated approach, integrated system, (be) fully integrated, economic integration, social integration |
| intellectual | intellectual property, intellectual work |
| intelligent | artificial intelligence, emotional intelligence |
| intend | (be) originally intended, original intent, unintended consequences |
| intense | high intensity, low intensity, intensive study |
| interact | complex interaction, human interaction, significant interaction, social interaction |
| intercourse | sexual intercourse |
| interest | considerable interest, increased interest, increasing interest, national interest, personal interest, renewed interest, vested interest, interested party, conflicting interests, economic interests, individual interests |
| internal | internal affairs, internal conflict, internal control, internal market, internal organ, internal structure |
| international | international agreement, international body, international community, international conference, international context, international journal, international organization, international treaty |
| internet | internet access |
| interpersonal | interpersonal relationships, interpersonal skills |
| interpret | interpret data, correct interpretation, historical interpretation, literal interpretation, alternative interpretion |
| intervene | effective intervention, government intervention |
| interview | conduct (an) interview |
| intimate | intimate relationship, (be) intimately connected (to, with) |
| intrinsic | intrinsic value |
| introduce | introduce legislation, brief introduction, critical introduction, introductory chapter, introductory section, introductory text |
| invest | foreign investment, private investment, foreign investor |
| investigate | empirical investigation, further investigation, scientific investigation |
| involve | (be) actively involved, (be) directly involved (in), become involved (with/in), get involved (with/in), active involvement, direct involvement |
| isolate | social isolation |
| issue | address (an) issue, central issue, complex issue, consider (an) issue, contemporary issue, controversial issue, core issue, critical issue, cultural issue, current issue, deal (with an) issue, discuss (an) issue, ethical issue, explore (an) issue, global issue, identify (an) issue, key issue, legal issue, main issue, major issue, methodological issue, practical issue, raise (an) issue, real issue, related issue, relevant issue, similar issue, single issue, special issue, specific issue, technical issue, theoretical issue, wider issue, environmental issues |
| item | individual item |
| journal | academic journal, international journal, online journal, publish (a) journal, scholarly journal |
| judgement | make(a) judgement |
| keenly | keenly aware |
| key | key area, key aspect, key characteristic, key component, key concept, key element, key factor, key feature, key findings, key issue, key objective, key player, key policy, key principle, key role, key source, key text, key theme, key topic |
| know | (be) commonly known (as), (be) generally known (as, by), (be) widely known, previously known |
| knowledge | acquire knowledge, background knowledge, historical knowledge, personal knowledge, previous knowledge, prior knowledge, professional knowledge, require knowledge, specific knowledge, tacit knowledge, technical knowledge |
| language | appropriate language, national language, natural language, verbal language |
| large | (a) large proportion (of), (a) large range (of), large majority, large percentage, large portion, large quantities (of), (be) largely based (on), (be) largely confined (to), (be) largely determined (by), (be) largely ignored, (be) largely responsible (for) |
| later | later work, later writings |
| law | natural law |
| lead | lead to (the) conclusion, opinion leader, party leader, political leader, leading role |
| learn | learning activity, learning difficulties, learning environment, learning objective, learning outcome, learning process, learning resources, learning strategy, collaborative learning, enhance learning, experiential learning, lifelong learning |
| legal | legal action, legal basis, legal framework, legal issue, legal obligation, legal position, legal proceedings, legal protection, legal requirement, legal right, legal rule, legal status, legal system |
| legislate | introduce legislation, national legislation, proposed legislation, legislative measures, legislative power |
| level | (at/on a) deeper level, appropriate level, high level, increased level, low level, minimum level, overall level, stress level |
| liberal | liberal democracy |
| life | academic life, contemporary life, cultural life, lifelong learning |
| likely | greater likelihood, increase (the) likelihood, reduce (the) likelihood, likely impact, likely outcome, equally likely, highly likely, highly unlikely, seem unlikely |
| limit | have limitations, impose limitations, (a) limited range (of), limited access, limited capacity, limited information, limited opportunity, limited resources, unlimited access |
| line | dividing line, draw (a) line, linear relationship |
| link | causal link, direct link, strong link, (be) closely linked (to, with), (be) directly linked (to), (be) directly linked (to, with), (be) inextricably linked (to, with), (be) strongly linked |
| literal | (in a) literal sense, literal interpretation, literal meaning |
| literary | literary text, literary tradition |
| literature | published literature, relevant literature, scholarly literature |
| little | little evidence, little impact, little information, little research, little significance, relatively little |
| living | living conditions, living organism, living standard, daily living, make (a) living |
| local | local area, local authority, local circumstances, local community, local culture, local economy, local government |
| locate | geographic(al) location |
| logic | logical approach, logical argument, logical conclusion |
| long | long duration, long established |
| longitudinal | longitudinal study |
| look | closer look |
| low | low/er frequency, low income, low intensity, low level, low percentage, low priority, low probability, low profile, low quality, low status, low turnover, low unemployment, relatively low, lower class |
| main | main area, main argument, main category, main characteristics, main component, main element, main factor, main feature, main findings, main focus, main function, main issue, main principle, main source, main task, main theme, (be) mainly concerned (with) |
| maintain | maintain contact |
| major | major advantage, major area, major cause, major challenge, major change, major component, major concern, major contribution, major decision, major difference, major factor, major feature, major focus, major impact, major implications, major influence, major issue, major part, major problem, major reason, major role, major shift, major source, major theme, great majority, large majority, overwhelming majority, simple majority, vast majority |
| make | make (a) comment, make (a) contribution, make (a) distinction, make (a) living, make (a) prediction, make (a) recommendation, make (a) statement, make (a) transition, make (an) argument, make (an) assessment, make (an) assumption, make (an) impact, make (an) impression, make (an) observation, make adjustments, make arrangements, make available, make aware, make contact, make explicit, make policy, make provision, make visible, make(a) judgement |
| male | male dominance |
| manage | effective management, financial management, middle management, senior management, strategic management, top management |
| manual | manual worker |
| manufacture | manufacturing sector |
| marked | marked contrast, (be) markedly different |
| market | competitive market, domestic market, financial market, global market, internal market, national market, global marketplace |
| material | provide material, published material, relevant material, source material, useful material |
| maximise | maximum duration |
| mean | mean score |
| meaning | convey meaning, literal meaning, original meaning, particular meaning, shared meaning, specific meaning, (in a) meaningful way |
| means | alternative means, useful means |
| measure | accurate measurement, legislative measures |
| media | media coverage, digital media, electronic media, global media, national media, popular media, visual media |
| medical | medical assistance, medical treatment |
| meet | meet (a) target, meet (a) requirement, meet (an) objective, meet criteria, meet expectations, annual meeting |
| member | prominent member |
| memory | collective memory |
| mental | mental health, mental illness, mental state |
| mention | previously mentioned |
| merit | relative merits |
| message | convey (a) message |
| method | alternative method, apply (a) method, common method, describe (a) method, develop (a) method, effective method, employ (a) method, experimental method, modern method, qualitative method, quantitative method, scientific method, standard method, statistical method, traditional method, use (a) method, methodological approach, methodological issue, methodological problem, research methodology, use (a) methodology |
| metropolitan | metropolitan area |
| middle | middle income, middle management |
| migrate | migrant worker |
| military | military action, military force, military power, military service |
| minimum | minimum level, minimum requirement, minimum standard, minimum value, minimum wage |
| minor | minor change, minor role, relatively minor, minority group, ethnic minority, small minority |
| missing | missing data |
| mobility | social mobility, political mobilization |
| model | alternative model, original model, theoretical model |
| modern | modern culture, modern method, modern society, modern technology |
| modify | modified form, modified version |
| moral | moral dilemma, moral philosophy, moral principle |
| motive | (be) politically motivated |
| movement | feminist movement, free movement, national movement, political movement, religious movement, social movement |
| multiple | multiple identities, multiple sources |
| municipal | municipal government |
| mutual | mutual recognition, mutual support, mutual trust, mutual understanding, mutually exclusive |
| narrow | (a) narrow range (of), narrow definition |
| nation | industrialized nation, national average, national boundary, national conference, national culture, national economy, national government, national identity, national income, national institution, national interest, national language, national legislation, national market, national media, national movement, national policy, national press, national security, national survey |
| native | native speaker |
| nature | natural conditions, natural disaster, natural environment, natural history, natural language, natural law, natural order, natural philosophy, natural process, natural resources, natural right, natural science, natural tendency, natural world, naturally occurring, occur naturally, changing nature, dynamic nature, precise nature |
| necessary | necessary information, deem necessary |
| need | perceived need, changing needs, individual needs, physical needs, specific needs |
| negate | negative aspect, negative attitude, negative connotation, negative consequences, negative correlation, negative effect, negative feedback, negative impact, negative outcome, negative side, negative stereotype, negative value, negative view, (be) negatively correlated (with) |
| network | global network |
| new | new initiative, new insight, new perspective, entirely new, newly acquired, newly created, newly discovered, newly emerging, newly established, newly formed |
| next | next decade, next generation, next phase |
| norm | cultural norm, social norm |
| normal | normal conditions, normal development, normal distribution, normal practice |
| notable | notable exception |
| nuclear | nuclear energy, nuclear family, nuclear power, nuclear war, nuclear weapon |
| number | finite number, increased number, infinite number, significant number, substantial number, vast number, numerical data, numerical value, numerous studies |
| objective | objective criteria, objective reality, achieve (an) objective, key objective, learning objective, meet (an) objective, primary objective, set (an) objective, strategic objective, scientific objectivity |
| obligation | fulfil (an) obligation, have (an) obligation, legal obligation |
| observation | direct observation, make (an) observation |
| obtain | obtain (a) result, obtain data, obtain information |
| obvious | obvious difference, obvious example, obvious point, obvious reason, become obvious, fairly obvious, immediately obvious, seem obvious |
| occur | occur frequently, occur naturally, naturally occurring |
| offence | commit (an) offence, criminal offence, serious offence |
| offer | offer (an) opportunity, offer insight (into) |
| official | official statistics |
| once | once established |
| ongoing | ongoing debate, ongoing process |
| online | online access, online database, online journal, online version |
| open | open access, opening chapter, opening section |
| opinion | opinion leader, expert opinion |
| opportunity | create opportunities, employment opportunities, career opportunity, create (an) opportunity, educational opportunity, equal opportunity, limited opportunity, offer (an) opportunity, provide (an) opportunity, unique opportunity |
| oppose | (be) strongly opposed, binary opposition |
| optimal | optimal solution |
| oral | oral history, oral presentation |
| order | established order, high order, natural order |
| organ | internal organ |
| organise | organising principle, international organization, political organization, social organization, organizational structure |
| organism | living organism |
| orient | sexual orientation |
| origin | ethnic origin, original author, original context, original data, original intent, original meaning, original model, original position, original research, original source, original text, original version, original work, (be) originally developed, (be) originally intended |
| outcome | achieve (an) outcome, affect (the) outcome, desired outcome, final outcome, learning outcome, likely outcome, negative outcome, positive outcome, possible outcome |
| overall | overall aim, overall effect, overall level, overall performance, overall picture, overall rate, overall structure |
| overview | brief overview, comprehensive overview, general overview, give (an) overview (of), provide (an) overview (of) |
| overwhelming | overwhelming majority |
| paid | paid employment |
| panel | solar panel |
| paradigm | dominant paradigm |
| paragraph | previous paragraph |
| parameter | set (the) parameters |
| paramount | (be of) paramount importance |
| part | central part, crucial part, integral part, major part, previous part, significant part, substantial part, vital part, (be) partly responsible (for), constituent parts |
| participate | active participant, active participation, effective participation, full participation, political participation |
| particular | particular area, particular aspect, particular emphasis, particular feature, particular focus, particular individual, particular meaning, (be) particularly concerned (with), (be) particularly evident, (be) particularly suited (to), particularly acute, particularly apparent, particularly appropriate, particularly effective, particularly influential, particularly relevant, particularly sensitive, particularly significant, particularly striking, particularly successful, particularly useful, particularly valuable |
| party | party leader, interested party, political party, ruling party, third party |
| past | past research |
| pattern | changing pattern, complex pattern, consistent pattern, similar pattern |
| peace | peace treaty |
| peak | reach (a) peak |
| people | indigenous people |
| perceive | perceived importance, perceived need, perceived threat, public perception, visual perception |
| percent | high percentage, large percentage, low percentage, small percentage |
| perform | perform (a) function, perform (a) study, perform (a) task, academic performance, enhance performance, improved performance, overall performance, superior performance |
| period | brief period, earlier period, entire period, extended period, given period, historical period, initial period, short period, whole period |
| personal | personal choice, personal circumstances, personal communication, personal contact, personal control, personal experience, personal information, personal interest, personal knowledge, personal quality, personal relationship, personal responsibility, personal safety, personal space |
| perspective | critical perspective, cultural perspective, global perspective, historical perspective, new perspective, theoretical perspective |
| phase | final phase, first phase, initial phase, next phase |
| phenomenon | cultural phenomenon, social phenomenon |
| philosophy | moral philosophy, natural philosophy, political philosophy |
| physical | physical activity, physical appearance, physical characteristics, physical contact, physical development, physical environment, physical features, physical health, physical needs, physical presence, physical properties, physical proximity, physical science, physical space, physical symptom, physical world |
| picture | accurate picture, overall picture |
| pilot | pilot study |
| pioneering | pioneering work |
| pivotal | pivotal role |
| place | place emphasis |
| planning | planning stage, strategic planning |
| plausible | plausible explanation, seem plausible |
| play | play (a) role (in), key player |
| point | appropriate point, central point, critical point, crucial point, final point, focal point, obvious point |
| policy | current policy, economic policy, educational policy, effective policy, environmental policy, foreign policy, government policy, key policy, make policy, national policy, public policy, security policy, social policy |
| political | political activism, political activity, political agenda, political arena, political authority, political circumstances, political climate, political conflict, political consciousness, political consensus, political consequences, political consideration, political context, political culture, political debate, political dimension, political economy, political environment, political factors, political identity, political ideology, political implications, political instability, political institution, political leader, political mobilization, political movement, political organization, political participation, political party, political philosophy, political reality, political reform, political representation, political significance, political spectrum, political stability, political status, political structure, (be) politically motivated, politically correct |
| pollution | environmental pollution |
| poorly | (be) poorly understood |
| popular | popular culture, popular media, increasingly popular |
| population | (be) densely populated, (be) sparsely populated, indigenous population, rural population |
| portion | large portion, significant portion, small portion |
| pose | pose (a) challenge, pose (a) problem, pose (a) question, pose (a) threat (to) |
| position | central position, dominant position, final position, initial position, legal position, original position, privileged position, unique position |
| positive | positive action, positive aspect, positive attitude, positive connotation, positive correlation, positive discrimination, positive effect, positive feature, positive feedback, positive image, positive impact, positive influence, positive outcome, positive relationship, positive result, positive value, positive view, (be) positively associated (with), (be) positively correlated (with) |
| possible | consider (a) possibility, possible consequences, possible explanation, possible outcome, possible source |
| potential | potential benefits, potential conflict, potential customer, potential harm, potential impact, potential problem, potential risk, potential source, potential value, full potential, great potential, have potential, potentially dangerous |
| power | economic power, explanatory power, legislative power, military power, nuclear power, predictive power, purchasing power, solar power, unequal power, powerful force, powerful group, powerful influence, powerful tool, extremely powerful |
| practical | practical consideration, practical difficulties, practical issue, practical significance |
| practice | cultural practice, established practice, normal practice, professional practice, reflective practice, religious practice, traditional practice, administrative practices |
| precede | take precedence (over), preceding chapter, preceding discussion, preceding section, immediately preceding |
| precise | precise definition, precise nature |
| predict | make (a) prediction |
| predictive | predictive power |
| preferential | preferential treatment |
| preliminary | preliminary data, preliminary findings, preliminary result |
| premature | premature death |
| premise | basic premise |
| present | physical presence, present (a) challenge, present (a) summary, present (an) argument, present context, present data, present difficulties, present evidence |
| presentation | give (a) presentation, oral presentation |
| presidential | presidential election |
| press | national press |
| pressure | competitive pressure, increased pressure, increasing pressure |
| previous | previous chapter, previous decade, previous discussion, previous experience, previous generation, previous knowledge, previous paragraph, previous part, previous research, previous section, previous study, previous work, previously described, previously discussed, previously known, previously mentioned, previously thought |
| primary | (be) primarily concerned (with), (be) primarily responsible (for), primary aim, primary care, primary concern, primary data, primary education, primary focus, primary function, primary objective, primary purpose, primary reason, primary research, primary responsibility, primary source, primary task |
| prime | prime example, prime time |
| principal | principal source |
| principle | basic principle, established principle, ethical principle, fundamental principle, general principle, guiding principle, key principle, main principle, moral principle, organising principle, underlying principle |
| prior | prior experience, prior knowledge |
| priority | first priority, give priority (to), high priority, low priority |
| private | private individual, private investment, private sector, private sphere |
| privileged | privileged position |
| probability | conditional probability, high probability, low probability |
| problem | problem area, additional problem, central problem, complex problem, ethical problem, face (a) problem, financial problem, fundamental problem, identify (a) problem, major problem, methodological problem, pose (a) problem, potential problem, related problem, specific problem, technical problem, highly problematic, create problems, encounter problems, experience problems |
| proceed | adopt (a) procedure, describe (a) procedure, follow (a) procedure, use (a) procedure, legal proceedings |
| process | process data, process information, assessment process, begin (a) process, complex process, continuous process, creative process, democratic process, describe (a) process, developmental process, due process, dynamic process, evolutionary process, learning process, natural process, ongoing process, slow process, start (a) process, thinking process, thought process, underlying process, information processing |
| product | final product, increased production, industrial production, increased productivity, imported products |
| professional | professional activity, professional body, professional colleague, professional development, professional experience, professional knowledge, professional practice, professional qualification, professional staff, professional standard, professional status, professional support, professional training, professional work |
| profile | high profile, low profile |
| profound | profound effect, profound impact |
| programme | educational programme |
| progress | technological progress |
| prominent | prominent feature, prominent member, prominent role |
| promote | promote (the) development (of), promote equality |
| properly | (be) properly understood |
| property | physical properties, similar properties, structural properties, intellectual property |
| proportion | (a) great proportion (of), (a) high proportion (of), (a) increasing proportion (of), (a) large proportion (of), (a) significant proportion (of), (a) small proportion (of), (be) directly proportional (to) |
| propose | proposed legislation |
| prospect | future prospects |
| prosperity | economic prosperity |
| protection | environmental protection, legal protection |
| prove | prove successful, prove useful |
| provide | provide (a) benefit, provide (a) clue, provide (a) focus, provide (a) foundation (for), provide (a) service, provide (a) source, provide (a) summary, provide (an) alternative, provide (an) example, provide (an) explanation, provide (an) illustration, provide (an) indication (of), provide (an) opportunity, provide (an) overview (of), provide access (to), provide assistance, provide care, provide context, provide coverage, provide data, provide evidence, provide feedback, provide guidance, provide information, provide material, provide resources, provide support, provide feedback, provide insight (into), educational provision, make provision |
| proximity | close proximity, physical proximity |
| public | public access, public administration, public attitudes, public authority, public awareness, public debate, public discourse, public display, public domain, public expenditure, public funds, public image, public institution, public perception, public policy, public sector, public sphere, public transport, public welfare, wider public, publicly available |
| publish | publish (a) journal, publish (a) report, publish (an) article, publish research, published literature, published material, published research, published work |
| purchase | purchasing power |
| purpose | primary purpose, specific purpose |
| purposes | (for) research purposes |
| qualification | educational qualification, professional qualification |
| qualitative | qualitative analysis, qualitative approach, qualitative data, qualitative method, qualitative research, qualitative study, qualitatively different |
| quality | high quality, low quality, personal quality |
| quantity | quantitative analysis, quantitative approach, quantitative data, quantitative method, quantitative research, quantitative result, quantitative study, large quantities (of), small quantities (of), vast quantities (of) |
| question | central question, complex question, crucial question, ethical question, fundamental question, pose (a) question, raise (a) question, reflective question, related question, specific question |
| racial | racial differences, racial discrimination, racial equality, racial group, racial stereotype |
| radical | radical change, radical critique, radical differences, radical transformation, radically different |
| raise | raise (a) question, raise (an) issue, raise awareness |
| random | random error, random sample, random variable, (be) randomly assigned (to), (be) randomly chosen, (be) randomly selected |
| range | (a) broad range (of), (a) diverse range (of), (a) great range (of), (a) large range (of), (a) limited range (of), (a) narrow range (of), (a) vast range (of), (a) whole range (of), (a) wide range (of), (a, the) full range (of), (the) entire range (of), cover (a) range (of) |
| rapid | rapid expansion, rapidly changing, rapidly growing, change rapidly, expand rapidly, grow rapidly |
| rare | relatively rare |
| rate | annual rate, constant rate, high rate, overall rate |
| raw | raw data |
| reach | reach (a) consensus, reach (a) peak, reach (an) agreement |
| react | adverse reaction, chemical reaction, emotional reaction, strong reaction |
| read | widely read |
| ready | (be) readily understood, readily accessible, readily available, ready access |
| real | real issue, historical reality, objective reality, political reality |
| realize | (be) fully realized |
| reason | compelling reason, major reason, obvious reason, primary reason, underlying reason |
| receive | receive feedback, receive information, receive treatment, well received |
| recent | recent decades, recent evidence, recent research, recent study, recent survey, relatively recent |
| reciprocal | reciprocal relationship |
| recognize | mutual recognition, (be) widely recognized |
| recommend | make (a) recommendation |
| record | record data, accurate record, historical record |
| recurrent | recurrent theme |
| reduce | reduce (the) likelihood, reduce emissions, reduce stress, (be) greatly reduced, (be) significantly reduced, significant reduction |
| refer | specific reference, (be) commonly referred (to) (as), (be) frequently referred (to) |
| reflect | critical reflection, reflective practice, reflective question |
| reform | economic reform, political reform, social reform, welfare reform |
| regarded | (be) widely regarded (as) |
| region | regional development, regional differences, regional variation |
| regulate | regulatory agency, regulatory framework |
| relate | related activity, related area, related aspect, related factor, related information, related issue, related problem, related question, related topic, (be) clearly related (to), (be) closely related (to), (be) directly related (to), (be) strongly related (to), causal relation, economic relations, causal relationship, clear relationship, close relationship, complex relationship, direct relationship, establish (a) relationship, intimate relationship, linear relationship, personal relationship, positive relationship, reciprocal relationship, significant relationship, social relationship, special relationship, strong relationship, symbiotic relationship, economic relationships, interpersonal relationships, relative autonomy, relative merits, relative status, relatively common, relatively constant, relatively few, relatively high, relatively little, relatively low, relatively minor, relatively rare, relatively recent, relatively simple, relatively stable, relatively straightforward |
| relevant | relevant data, relevant factors, relevant information, relevant issue, relevant literature, relevant material, consider relevant, highly relevant, particularly relevant |
| religious | religious belief, religious faith, religious freedom, religious group, religious identity, religious movement, religious practice |
| rely | reliable data, reliable information, rely heavily (on) |
| remain | remain constant, remain stable, remain unchanged, remain unclear |
| remark | remarkably similar, concluding remarks |
| remove | (be) far removed (from) |
| renew | renewable energy, renewed interest |
| report | report data, report findings, annual report, publish (a) report |
| representation | graphical representation, political representation, schematic representation, visual representation |
| representative | representative government |
| require | require consideration, require knowledge, require resources, functional requirement, legal requirement, meet (a) requirement, minimum requirement |
| research | (for) research purposes, research effort, research evidence, research findings, research methodology, research topic, academic research, basic research, carry out research (of), comparative research, conduct research, considerable research, current research, earlier research, educational research, empirical research, existing research, experimental research, extensive research, field research, further research, future research, initial research, little research, original research, past research, previous research, primary research, publish research, published research, qualitative research, quantitative research, recent research, scholarly research, scientific research, traditional research, undertake research |
| resemble | bear resemblance (to), closely resemble |
| resolve | conflict resolution, resolve (a) conflict, resolve (a) dispute |
| resource | additional resources, allocate resources, available resources, economic resources, electronic resources, financial resources, learning resources, limited resources, natural resources, provide resources, require resources, scarce resources, sufficient resources, use resources, valuable resources |
| respond | respond appropriately, appropriate response, emotional response, individual response |
| responsible | accept responsibility, assume responsibility, individual responsibility, personal responsibility, primary responsibility, social responsibility, take responsibility, (be) directly responsible (for), (be) largely responsible (for), (be) partly responsible (for), (be) primarily responsible (for), socially responsible |
| restrict | impose restrictions |
| result | final result, obtain (a) result, positive result, preliminary result, quantitative result, similar result, consistent results, experimental results |
| retrieval | information retrieval |
| review | review (a) study, annual review, brief review, comprehensive review, critical review |
| revise | revised edition, revised version |
| rich | rich source |
| right | legal right, natural right, individual rights |
| rising | rising cost |
| risk | risk assessment, increased risk, potential risk |
| role | active role, assume (the) role (of), central role, consider (the) role (of), critical role, crucial role, direct role, dominant role, essential role, examine (the) role (of), key role, leading role, major role, minor role, pivotal role, play (a) role (in), prominent role, significant role, take (a) role (in), take on (the) role (of, as), take up (the) role (of, as), vital role |
| root | (be) deeply rooted, historical roots |
| roughly | roughly equal, roughly equivalent |
| rule | legal rule, ruling class, ruling party |
| rural | rural area, rural community, rural economy, rural population, rural society |
| safe | safe sex, personal safety |
| salient | salient characteristic, salient feature |
| sample | random sample |
| scarce | scarce resources |
| scheme | schematic representation |
| scholarly | scholarly journal, scholarly literature, scholarly research, scholarly work |
| science | biological science, natural science, physical science, scientific community, scientific discourse, scientific evidence, scientific investigation, scientific method, scientific objectivity, scientific research, scientific theory |
| score | average score, high score, mean score, test score |
| scrutiny | close scrutiny, critical scrutiny |
| secondary | secondary data, secondary education, secondary source |
| section | concluding section, final section, introductory section, opening section, preceding section, previous section |
| sector | business sector, economic sector, manufacturing sector, private sector, public sector, service sector, state sector |
| secure | security policy, national security |
| seek | seek help, seek information |
| seem | seem appropriate, seem obvious, seem plausible, seem unlikely |
| select | (be) carefully selected, (be) randomly selected, highly selective |
| seminal | seminal study, seminal work |
| senior | senior management |
| sense | (in a) literal sense, specific sense, extremely sensitive, highly sensitive, particularly sensitive |
| separate | separate entity |
| serious | serious challenge, serious consequences, serious offence |
| serve | serve (a) function |
| service | service sector, military service, provide (a) service |
| set | set (a) goal, set (a) target, set (an) objective, set (the) agenda, set (the) parameters, complex set, data set |
| setting | educational setting, social setting |
| severely | severely affect |
| sex | biological sex, safe sex, sexual abuse, sexual act, sexual behaviour, sexual contact, sexual difference, sexual exploitation, sexual identity, sexual intercourse, sexual orientation, sexual violence |
| share | share information, shared experience, shared meaning, shared values, widely shared, information sharing |
| sharp | sharp contrast, sharp distinction |
| shift | global shift, major shift, significant shift, shift emphasis |
| short | short duration, short period |
| show | show (a) tendency, show (a) trend, show evidence, show variation |
| side | negative side |
| sign | sign (a) treaty |
| significant | cultural significance, great significance, little significance, political significance, practical significance, social significance, statistical significance, (a) significant amount (of), (a) significant degree (of), (a) significant proportion (of), significant change, significant contribution, significant correlation, significant correlation, significant development, significant difference, significant effect, significant factor, significant feature, significant figures, significant growth, significant impact, significant improvement, significant increase, significant influence, significant interaction, significant number, significant part, significant portion, significant reduction, significant relationship, significant role, significant shift, significant variation, highly significant, particularly significant, statistically significant, (be) significantly correlated (with), (be) significantly reduced, significantly affect, significantly higher, significantly increase, contribute significantly, differ significantly, vary significantly |
| similar | similar approach, similar argument, similar characteristics, similar effect, similar issue, similar pattern, similar properties, similar result, similar situation, broadly similar, remarkably similar |
| simple | simple majority, relatively simple, simplified version |
| single | single currency, single element, single entity, single individual, single issue, single source, single variable |
| situation | complex situation, similar situation |
| skill | technical skill, transferable skill, skilled worker, highly skilled, academic skills, appropriate skills, cognitive skills, core skills, interpersonal skills, unskilled worker |
| slightly | slightly different, slightly higher |
| slow | slow process |
| small | (a) small proportion (of), small fraction, small minority, small percentage, small portion, small quantities (of) |
| social | social activity, social aspect, social attitudes, social background, social behaviour, social circumstances, social conflict, social consequences, social construct, social contact, social context, social democracy, social dimension, social environment, social equality, social exclusion, social expectations, social factors, social function, social identity, social implications, social inequality, social institution, social integration, social interaction, social isolation, social mobility, social movement, social norm, social organization, social phenomenon, social policy, social reform, social relationship, social responsibility, social setting, social significance, social status, social structure, social theory, social transformation, social trend, social welfare, (be) socially constructed, socially acceptable, socially desirable, socially responsible, capitalist society, civil society, contemporary society, democratic society, human society, industrial society, modern society, rural society, traditional society, western society, wider society, socioeconomic status |
| solar | solar energy, solar panel, solar power, solar system |
| solution | alternative solution, optimal solution |
| sophisticated | highly sophisticated, increasingly sophisticated |
| source | source material, alternative source, become (a) source (of), common source, external source, key source, main source, major source, original source, possible source, potential source, primary source, principal source, provide (a) source, rich source, secondary source, single source, use (a) source, useful source, multiple sources |
| sovereign | sovereign state |
| space | personal space, physical space |
| sparingly | use sparingly |
| sparsely | (be) sparsely populated |
| speaker | native speaker |
| special | special circumstances, special emphasis, special issue, special relationship, special status |
| species | human species |
| specific | specific area, specific aspect, specific case, specific characteristic, specific context, specific example, specific factor, specific feature, specific focus, specific form, specific function, specific information, specific issue, specific knowledge, specific meaning, specific needs, specific problem, specific purpose, specific question, specific reference, specific sense, specific type, culturally specific, historically specific, (be) specifically designed (to, for) |
| spectrum | broad spectrum, political spectrum |
| sphere | domestic sphere, private sphere, public sphere |
| stable | political instability, economic stability, political stability, relatively stable, remain stable |
| staff | professional staff |
| stage | developmental stage, earlier stage, final stage, initial stage, planning stage |
| standard | standard approach, standard error, standard format, standard method, high standard, living standard, minimum standard, professional standard |
| stark | stark contrast |
| start | start (a) process |
| state | state explicitly, state sector, democratic state, federal state, independent state, mental state, sovereign state, clear statement, general statement, make (a) statement, written statement |
| statistic | statistical analysis, statistical data, statistical information, statistical method, statistical significance, statistical technique, statistical test, statistically significant, descriptive statistics, official statistics, use statistics |
| status | current status, economic status, equal status, high status, legal status, low status, political status, professional status, relative status, social status, socioeconomic status, special status |
| step | final step |
| stereotype | gender stereotype, negative stereotype, racial stereotype |
| store | store data, store information |
| straightforward | fairly straightforward, relatively straightforward |
| strategy | strategic decision, strategic importance, strategic management, strategic objective, strategic planning, alternative strategy, coping strategy, develop (a) strategy, have (a) strategy, learning strategy, teaching strategy, use (a) strategy |
| stress | stress level, cause stress, reduce stress |
| striking | striking contrast, striking example, striking feature, particularly striking |
| strong | strong bond, strong correlation, strong emphasis, strong evidence, strong link, strong reaction, strong relationship, strong tendency, (be) strongly associated (with), (be) strongly correlated (with), (be) strongly influenced (by), (be) strongly linked, (be) strongly opposed, (be) strongly related (to), strongly agree, strongly disagree, strongly suggest |
| structure | structural adjustment, structural change, structural element, structural feature, structural properties, basic structure, clear structure, complex structure, economic structure, existing structure, formal structure, global structure, hierarchical structure, institutional structure, internal structure, organizational structure, overall structure, political structure, social structure, underlying structure, (be) highly structured |
| study | numerous studies, academic study, classic study, comparative study, conduct (a) study, detailed study, earlier study, early study, empirical study, experimental study, further study, future study, historical study, intensive study, longitudinal study, perform (a) study, pilot study, previous study, qualitative study, quantitative study, recent study, review (a) study, seminal study, subsequent study, systematic study, theoretical study |
| subject | subject area |
| subsequent | subsequent analysis, subsequent chapter, subsequent development, subsequent study, subsequent work |
| substantial | (a) substantial amount (of), substantial difference, substantial evidence, substantial number, substantial part, substantially different |
| success | academic success, economic success, successful implementation, highly successful, particularly successful, prove successful |
| sufficient | sufficient condition, sufficient detail, sufficient evidence, sufficient information, sufficient resources |
| suggest | strongly suggest |
| suited | (be) ideally suited, (be) particularly suited (to) |
| summary | brief summary, present (a) summary, provide (a) summary, useful summary |
| superior | superior performance |
| support | support (an) argument, additional support, considerable support, emotional support, empirical support, financial support, institutional support, mutual support, professional support, provide support, technical support, widespread support, supporting evidence |
| surprising | hardly surprising |
| survey | survey data, conduct (a) survey, national survey, recent survey |
| symbiotic | symbiotic relationship |
| symptom | physical symptom |
| system | binary system, capitalist system, complex system, comprehensive system, dynamic system, economic system, educational system, integrated system, legal system, solar system, transport system |
| systematic | systematic analysis, systematic approach, systematic study |
| tacit | tacit knowledge |
| take | take (a) role (in), take (an) approach, take initiative, take precedence (over), take responsibility, take into consideration, take on (the) role (of, as), take up (the) role (of, as) |
| target | target audience, meet (a) target, set (a) target |
| task | carry out (the) task, complete (a) task, main task, perform (a) task, primary task |
| teach | teaching strategy |
| technical | technical aspect, technical assistance, technical detail, technical expertise, technical issue, technical knowledge, technical problem, technical skill, technical support, technical term |
| technique | basic technique, develop (a) technique, employ (a) technique, statistical technique, use (a) technique |
| technology | technological advances, technological change, technological development, technological innovation, technological progress, advanced technology, current technology, digital technology, modern technology |
| tendency | general tendency, have (a) tendency (to), increasing tendency, natural tendency, show (a) tendency, strong tendency |
| tenet | central tenet |
| term | technical term |
| test | test (a) theory, test score, diagnostic test, statistical test |
| text | classic text, introductory text, key text, literary text, original text, textual analysis |
| theme | thematic analysis, central theme, common theme, key theme, main theme, major theme, recurrent theme |
| theory | theoretical analysis, theoretical approach, theoretical basis, theoretical concept, theoretical debate, theoretical framework, theoretical issue, theoretical model, theoretical perspective, theoretical study, theoretical understanding, theoretical work, apply (the) theory, classical theory, critical theory, cultural theory, develop (a) theory, economic theory, evolutionary theory, general theory, scientific theory, social theory, test (a) theory, use (a) theory |
| think | think differently, thinking process, creative thinking, critical thinking |
| third | third party |
| thought | thought process, careful thought, previously thought |
| threat | external threat, perceived threat, pose (a) threat (to) |
| tied | (be) closely tied |
| tightly | (be) tightly controlled |
| time | brief time, prime time |
| times | earlier times |
| tool | analytical tool, powerful tool, useful tool |
| top | top management |
| topic | cover (a) topic, discuss (a) topic, key topic, related topic, research topic |
| total | total income, totally different |
| trade | global trade |
| tradition | cultural tradition, literary tradition, western tradition, traditional approach, traditional culture, traditional form, traditional method, traditional practice, traditional research, traditional society, traditional value, traditional view |
| training | professional training |
| transaction | business transaction, commercial transaction |
| transfer | transferable skill |
| transform | radical transformation, social transformation, undergo transformation |
| transit | make (a) transition |
| transmit | transmit data, transmit information |
| transport | transport system, public transport |
| treat | treat differently, treat equally, appropriate treatment, effective treatment, equal treatment, fair treatment, give (sb) treatment, medical treatment, preferential treatment, receive treatment, unfair treatment |
| treaty | international treaty, peace treaty, sign (a) treaty |
| trend | current trend, general trend, growing trend, increasing trend, show (a) trend, social trend |
| true | equally true |
| trust | mutual trust |
| turnover | high turnover, low turnover |
| type | distinct type, specific type |
| typical | typical example |
| ultimate | ultimate goal |
| undergo | undergo transformation |
| underlie | underlying assumption, underlying cause, underlying principle, underlying process, underlying reason, underlying structure |
| understand | clearly understand, fully understand, (a) deep understanding (of), mutual understanding, theoretical understanding, (be) easily understood, (be) poorly understood, (be) properly understood, (be) readily understood |
| undertake | undertake (an) activity, undertake research, undertake work |
| unique | unique individual, unique opportunity, unique position |
| universally | (be) universally accepted |
| urban | urban area, urban centre, urban design, urban development, urban environment |
| usage | common usage |
| use | use (a) format, use (a) method, use (a) methodology, use (a) procedure, use (a) source, use (a) strategy, use (a) technique, use (a) theory, use (an) approach, use (the) analysis, use (the) concept concept, use (the) data data, use (the) definition, use criteria, use effectively, use resources, use sparingly, use statistics, continued use, widespread use, (be) commonly used, (be) extensively used, (be) frequently used, (be) widely used, useful information, useful material, useful means, useful source, useful summary, useful tool, extremely useful, particularly useful, prove useful |
| valid | valid argument, equally valid |
| value | valuable information, valuable resources, extremely valuable, particularly valuable, core value, economic value, high value, intrinsic value, minimum value, negative value, numerical value, positive value, potential value, traditional value, (be) highly valued, cultural values, shared values |
| various | various aspects |
| vary | dependent variable, highly variable, independent variable, individual variable, random variable, single variable, considerable variation, genetic variation, individual variation, regional variation, show variation, significant variation, wide variation, vary considerably, vary greatly, vary significantly, vary widely, varying degree |
| vast | (a) vast amount (of), (a) vast array (of), (a) vast range (of), vast area, vast majority, vast number, vast quantities (of) |
| verbal | verbal communication, verbal language |
| version | earlier version, electronic version, final version, modified version, online version, original version, revised version, simplified version |
| vested | vested interest |
| view | alternative view, conventional view, negative view, positive view, traditional view |
| village | global village |
| violence | domestic violence, sexual violence |
| virtual | virtual community, virtually impossible |
| visible | become visible, clearly visible, make visible |
| visual | visual image, visual media, visual perception, visual representation |
| vital | (be of) vital importance, vital part, vital role |
| vulnerable | vulnerable group |
| wage | minimum wage |
| war | nuclear war |
| way | (in a) meaningful way, alternative way, appropriate way, identify (a) way |
| weapon | nuclear weapon |
| welfare | welfare reform, economic welfare, public welfare, social welfare |
| well | (be) well documented, (be) well established, well aware, well designed, well educated, well received |
| western | western democracy, western society, western tradition |
| whole | (a) whole range (of), whole area, whole period |
| wide | (a) wide array (of), (a) wide range (of), wide area, wide variation, (be) widely accepted, (be) widely adopted, (be) widely believed, (be) widely discussed, (be) widely dispersed, (be) widely distributed, (be) widely known, (be) widely recognized, (be) widely regarded (as), (be) widely used, widely available, widely different, widely read, widely shared, differ widely, vary widely, wider audience, wider community, wider context, wider implications, wider issue, wider public, wider society |
| widespread | widespread acceptance, widespread belief, widespread support, widespread use, become widespread |
| wisdom | conventional wisdom |
| work | work effectively, academic work, classic work, creative work, earlier work, empirical work, experimental work, intellectual work, later work, original work, pioneering work, previous work, professional work, published work, scholarly work, seminal work, subsequent work, theoretical work, undertake work, manual worker, migrant worker, skilled worker, unskilled worker |
| world | academic world, capitalist world, changing world, contemporary world, external world, natural world, physical world |
| write | academic writing, critical writing, historical writing, later writings, written comment, written communication, written statement |
| year | academic year |
| young | younger generation |
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